On this day:
30 BC
Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian’s forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
1492 The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
1790
The very first U.S. patent is issued: to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.
2007
Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.
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The Sweeney jeans commercial controversy is funny, but does the White House really have to comment on it?
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How's Biden's "minor incursion" into Ukraine doing?
The Will of the People
Whenever you hear someone defer to the "will of the people," you know it's time to hide the women. It sounds suspiciously like "manifest destiny," an undefinable excuse to do a lot of things.
The "General Will" is a concept introduced by Rousseau in Article Six of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, composed in 1789 during the French Revolution: "The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to contribute personally, or through their representatives, to its formation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, positions, and employments, according to their capacities, and without any other distinction than that of their virtues and their talents." Elsewhere he defines "law" as, "a public and solemn declaration of the general will on an object of common interest." Here is Rousseau trying to come to grips with a new idea in the West: Freedom and the people, not the nobility, not God, making law.
There is an organic, cohesive quality about the idea that does not hold up well to serious scrutiny, though. Individuals themselves are often conflicted. Households have only rare themes, and they are mostly defensive. It is hard to visualize a societal "general will" in any but the most extreme of circumstances. And law, at its best, is nothing more than a hodgepodge of interests--or the result of a successful campaign of special interest. 51% of votes can make a law; is that the "General Will?" Or is the general will more spontaneous, enthusiastic, and impassioned, like a riot?
Isaiah Berlin argued that Rousseau's association of freedom with obedience to the General Will allowed totalitarian leaders to defend oppression in the name of freedom, and made Rousseau "one of the most sinister and formidable enemies of liberty in the whole history of human thought."