On this day:
216 BC
Second Punic War: Battle of Cannae – The Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman army under the command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro.
338 BC
A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
1776
The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence took place.
Although the Second Continental Congress declared its intention for independence on July 2, 1776, no one signed the Declaration of Independence that day. Congress did sign the Lee Resolution, named after Virginian Richard Henry Lee, on July 2. This resolution had three parts: separating from the British Crown, a call to form foreign alliances, and a plan for confederation. Congress officially adopted the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4, 1776, and the call for freedom was announced at Independence Hall with the Liberty Bell. Americans celebrated as news spread throughout the newly independent states. Although independence had been declared, delegates of the Continental Congress had not yet signed the document. On August 2, 1776, when most delegates signed the Declaration, it became official.
1798
French Revolutionary Wars: the Battle of the Nile concludes in a British victory.
1869
Japan’s samurai, farmer, artisan, and merchant class system (Shinōkōshō) is abolished as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms.
Edo Japan frequently diverged from the Shinōkōshō model. Wealthy merchants exercised influence, financially struggling samurai took secondary jobs, and farmers engaged in side industries or trade. Interaction across social categories was common, particularly in cities.
1934
Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany.
1939
Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd write a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, urging him to begin the Manhattan Project to develop a nuclear weapon.
1945
World War II: the Potsdam Conference, at which the Allied Powers discuss the future of defeated Germany, is concluded.
1964
Vietnam War: Gulf of Tonkin incident – North Vietnamese gunboats allegedly fire on the U.S. destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy.
1990
Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.
***
Since the early 1980s, the divorce rate has fallen by almost 40 percent—and about half of that decline has happened in just the past 15 years.
***
America did not become the richest nation in history because Washington, D.C., was exceptionally good at directing the economy. It thrived because its institutions largely prevented Washington from interfering. The rule of law and constitutional limits have allowed millions of individuals to make sound decisions that no central authority could possibly coordinate.--deRugy
***
Biden’s interviews with his biographer, Mark Zwonitzer, conducted four years before he would be elected president, show that Biden was already having trouble remembering names and dates.
***
At the age of three, Jason Arday was diagnosed with autism and global developmental delay. He was unable to speak until he was 11 and could not read or write until 18. Despite that, he forged an impressive academic career, mostly focusing on race and education, with stints at Roehampton, Glasgow and Durham universities, and is now a professor at Cambridge. His astonishing story is cautiously described in a recent Guardian article.
***
"Drew Allar has plenty of progress left in front of him."--Yahoo
***
Edo Japan frequently diverged from the Shinōkōshō model. Wealthy merchants exercised influence, financially struggling samurai took secondary jobs, and farmers engaged in side industries or trade. Interaction across social categories was common, particularly in cities.
1934
Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany.
1939
Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd write a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, urging him to begin the Manhattan Project to develop a nuclear weapon.
1945
World War II: the Potsdam Conference, at which the Allied Powers discuss the future of defeated Germany, is concluded.
1964
Vietnam War: Gulf of Tonkin incident – North Vietnamese gunboats allegedly fire on the U.S. destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy.
1990
Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.
***
America is not a hiding place or a refugee camp; it is a place of purpose.
***
Since the early 1980s, the divorce rate has fallen by almost 40 percent—and about half of that decline has happened in just the past 15 years.
***
America did not become the richest nation in history because Washington, D.C., was exceptionally good at directing the economy. It thrived because its institutions largely prevented Washington from interfering. The rule of law and constitutional limits have allowed millions of individuals to make sound decisions that no central authority could possibly coordinate.--deRugy
***
Biden’s interviews with his biographer, Mark Zwonitzer, conducted four years before he would be elected president, show that Biden was already having trouble remembering names and dates.
***
At the age of three, Jason Arday was diagnosed with autism and global developmental delay. He was unable to speak until he was 11 and could not read or write until 18. Despite that, he forged an impressive academic career, mostly focusing on race and education, with stints at Roehampton, Glasgow and Durham universities, and is now a professor at Cambridge. His astonishing story is cautiously described in a recent Guardian article.
***
"Drew Allar has plenty of progress left in front of him."--Yahoo
***
Sunday/Picnic
Today's gospel is the Loaves and Fishes gospel, the only miracle appearing in all four evangelists. It is a lovely mixture of the worldly and the spiritual.
Christ seeks refuge and quiet after the murder of John the Baptist, so He takes the apostles to "a deserted place." This is not just for contemplation but for prudence; the authorities are interested in them. They go to an area just out of Herod's jurisdiction. The geography is known and described, the sea and the journey to the small town, the race by the locals to catch up with them is all quite clear and detailed. Local slang appears in the original Greek. And Christ is not put out by the interruption of His plans when the crowd arrives; He is, on the contrary, welcoming and concerned.
Then he creates a meal for 5000, a miracle of essential things, and makes sure everyone cleans up after.
Today's gospel is the Loaves and Fishes gospel, the only miracle appearing in all four evangelists. It is a lovely mixture of the worldly and the spiritual.
Christ seeks refuge and quiet after the murder of John the Baptist, so He takes the apostles to "a deserted place." This is not just for contemplation but for prudence; the authorities are interested in them. They go to an area just out of Herod's jurisdiction. The geography is known and described, the sea and the journey to the small town, the race by the locals to catch up with them is all quite clear and detailed. Local slang appears in the original Greek. And Christ is not put out by the interruption of His plans when the crowd arrives; He is, on the contrary, welcoming and concerned.
And, as Christ so often does, He has an almost humorous exchange with the disciples when they want to let the crowd go to eat. He says, "There is no need for them to go: give them something to eat yourselves." Is that a joke? Is he teasing them? Is He listening to some second, parallel script like the line to Pilate, "That's what you say."
Then he creates a meal for 5000, a miracle of essential things, and makes sure everyone cleans up after.
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