Thanksgiving is a tricky word. It means gratitude but it implies more
than something to be grateful for, it implies something to be grateful
to.
In the fall of 1621 the Plymouth settlers had a celebratory
meal with a local Indian tribe as part of a traditional English harvest
festival. There are two accounts; no mention is made of a Day of
Thanksgiving but they were probably happy; since their arrival they had a
50% mortality. It lasted three days. A Day of Thanksgiving, a day the
English would have considered religious, was first held in the new land
in 1623 following a needed rainfall. Various days of thanksgiving were
celebrated by the country over the years, the first in commemoration of
the end of the Revolution by Washington. In 1863, in the middle of the
Civil War, Lincoln formally made Thanksgiving an annual event.
It
is interesting to see these two men, Washington suspicious of organized
religion and Lincoln harder to read, celebrating an official
Thanksgiving, but both seem heartfelt, Lincoln's surprisingly so.
Washington's is almost a mirror of the mindset of the time. The two
proclamations are below.
The Thanksgiving Proclamation
New York, 3 October 1789
By the President of the United States of America: a Proclamation.
Whereas
it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty
God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to
implore his protection and favor--and whereas both Houses of Congress
have by their joint Committee requested me `to recommend to the People
of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be
observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of
Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to
establish a form of government for their safety and happiness.'
Now
therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th day of November
next to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that
great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good
that was, that is, or that will be -- That we may then all unite in
rendering unto him our sincere and humble thanks -- for his kind care
and protection of the People of this Country previous to their becoming a
Nation--for the signal and manifold mercies, and the favorable
interpositions of his Providence which we experienced in the
tranquility, union, and plenty, which we have since enjoyed--for the
peaceable and rational manner, in which we have been enabled to
establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and
particularly the national One now lately instituted -- for the civil and
religious liberty with which we are blessed; and the means we have of
acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge; and in general for all the
great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us.
And
also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and
supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and beseech him to
pardon our national and other transgressions--to enable us all, whether
in public or private stations, to perform our several and relative
duties properly and punctually -- to render our national government a
blessing to all the people, by constantly being a Government of wise,
just, and constitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully executed and
obeyed--to protect and guide all Sovereigns and Nations (especially such
as have shewn [sic] kindness onto us) and to bless them with good
government, peace, and concord -- To promote the knowledge and practice
of true religion and virtue, and the encrease [sic] of science among
them and us -- and generally to grant unto all Mankind such a degree of
temporal prosperity as he alone knows to be best.
Given under my hand at the City of New-York the third day of October in the year of our Lord 1789.
George Washington
Proclamation Establishing Thanksgiving Day October 3, 1863
The
year that is drawing towards its close, has been filled with the
blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties,
which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source
from which they come, others have been added, which are of so
extraordinary a nature, that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften
even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever watchful
providence of Almighty God. In the midst of a civil war of unequalled
magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign States to
invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved with
all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and
obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in the theatre of
military conflict; while that theatre has been greatly contracted by the
advancing armies and navies of the Union. Needful diversions of wealth
and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national
defence [sic], have not arrested the plough, the shuttle, or the ship;
the axe had enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as
well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more
abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased,
notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, the siege and
the battle-field; and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness of
augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of
years, with large increase of freedom.
No human counsel hath
devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are
the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in
anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy.
It has
seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and
gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and voice by the whole
American people. I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part
of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are
sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday
of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent
Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while
offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular
deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our
national perverseness and disobedience, commend to his tender care all
those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the
lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and
fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the
wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with
the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony,
tranquility and Union.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done
at the city of Washington, this third day of October, in the year of
our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the
independence of the United States the eighty-eighth.
Abraham Lincoln